WS-199
In the late 1950s, the U.S. Air Force studied and tested various strategic weapon options under the WS-199 (Weapon System 199) label. The WS-199A designation applied to Strategic Air Command system studies in general, while three other subprojects flight tested actual hardware.
Martin WS-199B Bold Orion
In 1958, Martin received a U.S. Air Force contract to determine the feasibility of an ALBM (Air-Launched Ballistic Missile). Test articles were to be built and flown under project WS-199B Bold Orion.
Photo: via Ordway/Wakeford |
Bold Orion (WS-199B) |
Between 26 May 1958 and 13 October 1959, 12 Bold Orion test launches were conducted using a B-47 Stratojet as carrier aircraft. The missiles used major components from other programs to save time. The first WS-199B missiles were single-stage vehicles powered by a Thiokol TX-20 (XM20) Sergeant solid-fueled rocket, but the initial flight tests were reportedly not very successful. The Bold Orion was then modified to a two-stage missile by adding an Altair second stage. In this configuration, it became a viable ALBM with a range of 1770 km (1100 miles). The results of the Bold Orion program were put into the requirements for the USAF's WS-138A operational ALBM program (leading to the GAM-87/AGM-48 Skybolt).
Photo: via Spaceline Website |
Bold Orion (WS-199B) |
The final WS-199B launch tested the Bold Orion ALBM as an anti-satellite missile. The missile was launched at an altitude of 10700 m (35000 ft) and guided towards the perigee of the satellite Explorer VI at an altitude of 251 km (156 miles). To record its flight path, the Bold Orion transmitted telemetry to the ground, ejected flares to aid visual tracking, and was continuously tracked by radar. The missile successfully passed within 6.4 km (4 miles) of the satellite.
Lochkeed WS-199C High Virgo
In early 1958, Convair and Lockheed jointly proposed the USAF a program to develop an ALBM (Air-Launched Ballistic Missile) for the B-58 Hustler bomber. In June that year, the Air Force awarded a contract for a proof-of-concept test program under project WS-199C High Virgo. Lockheed was responsible for the design and construction of the missile, while Convair built a dedicated launch pylon for installation on the test aircraft (the B-58 prototype).
To save development time and cost, Lockheed used proven components from the XQ-5 Kingfisher, X-17, UGM-27 Polaris and MGM-29 Sergeant missiles. The High Virgo missile was powered by a single Thiokol TX-20 Sergeant solid-fueled rocket motor. It was equipped with an Autonetics inertial guidance system, but a development delay caused the first two of four tests to be flown with a preprogrammed autopilot instead. The missile had four tailfins for aerodynamic control, and was fitted with a plastic nose cone to cover the reentry vehicle. The launch procedure was to fly supersonic at high altitude and drop the High Virgo missile, whose motor would then ignite after a few seconds of free fall to clear the B-58.
On the first project 199C flight on 5 September 1958, the missile's control system failed only a few seconds after motor ignition, and the test had to be aborted. The second test on 19 December 1958 was successful, and the missile reached an altitude of 76200 m (250000 ft), a speed of Mach 6, and flew a distance of about 300 km (185 miles). The third flight on 4 June 1959 was the first to use the inertial system, and was also successful.
Photo: via Gunter's Space Page |
High Virgo (WS-199C) |
The fourth and final test flight of WS-199C took place on 22 September 1959, and was of a completely different nature. It was to prove the feasibility of an air-launched satellite interceptor missile. For this purpose, the High Virgo missile's nose was slightly lengthened to include 13 photographic cameras. It was planned to fly the missile closely past the Explorer IV satellite, and photograph the satellite to prove the encounter. Because Explorer IV's orbital parameters were found to be inaccurate, the target was changed to Explorer V. To get maximum performance, the missile (nicknamed "King Lofus IV") was dropped at a speed of Mach 2, but 30 seconds after launch later all communication was lost. Because the recoverable camera package wasn't found either, it couldn't be determined whether the satellite intercept was successful.
Photo: General Dynamics |
High Virgo (WS-199C) |
The USAF didn't pursue the Convair/Lockheed B-58 ALBM project further, but had instead begun the WS-138A program for an ALBM launched by the B-52. This program eventually led to the GAM-87/AGM-48 Skybolt missile.
McDonnell WS-199D Alpha Draco
The Alpha Draco boost-glide research vehicle was developed and built by McDonnell between 1957 and 1959 under project WS-199D. It was a two stage rocket, powered by Thiokol TX-20 Sergeant and TX-30 solid-fueled rocket motors. The nose cone carried an unpowered glide reentry vehicle. WS-199D was to explore the feasibility of a boost-glide strategic missile, combining a multi-stage rocket booster with an aerodynamic payload vehicle.
Photo: National Archives |
Alpha Draco (WS-199D) |
On a typical flight, Alpha Draco's first stage burned for 32 seconds and boosted the vehicle to 12800 m (42000 ft). That stage was then dropped and the vehicle coasted upwards for a while, after which the second stage was ignited to lift the payload to an altitude of more than 30500 m (100000 ft). The reentry vehicle, having reached Mach 5+, glided towards a preprogrammed location about 390 km (240 miles) from the launch point where it entered a terminal dive into the ocean.
Photo: Boeing |
Alpha Draco (WS-199D) |
The first two Alpha Draco test flights on 16 February and 16 March 1959 were successful, but on the third and final one on 27 April 1959, the vehicle had to be destroyed when it deviated from its planned flight path. The program verified basic principles of boost-glide vehicles, and explored hypersonic aero- and thermodynamics.
Specifications
Note: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate!
Data for WS-199 missiles:
Bold Orion (WS-199B) | High Virgo (WS-199C) | Alpha Draco (WS-199D) | |
---|---|---|---|
Length | 11.3 m (37 ft) | 9.25 m (30 ft 4 in) | 14.05 m (46 ft 1 in) |
Diameter | ? | 79 cm (31 in) | 79 cm (31 in) |
Finspan | ? | ? | 2.16 m (7 ft 1 in) |
Weight | ? | 5450 kg (12000 lb) | ? |
Speed | ? | Mach 6 | Mach 5+ |
Ceiling | ? | 76200 m (250000 ft) | > 30500 m (100000 ft) |
Range | 1770 km (1100 miles) | 300 km (185 miles) | 390 km (240 miles) |
Propulsion | 1st stage: Thiokol TX-20 solid-fueled rocket 2nd stage: Altair solid-fueled rocket |
Thiokol TX-20 solid-fueled rocket; 222 kN (50000 lb) for 29 s |
1st stage: Thiokol TX-20 solid-fueled rocket; 222 kN (50000 lb) for 32 s 2nd stage: Thiokol TX-30 solid-fueled rocket; 54.8 kN (12300 lb) for 37 s |
Main Sources
[1] Jay Miller: "Convair B-58 Hustler", Aerofax, 1997
[2] Spaceline Website
[3] Gunter Krebs: Gunter's Space Page
[4] Norman J. Bowman: "The Handbook of Rockets and Guided Missiles", Perastadion Press, 1963
[5] Frederick I. Ordway III, Ronald C. Wakeford: "International Missile and Spacecraft Guide", McGraw-Hill, 1960
[6] Joel W. Powell: "DRACO, The 'Secret' Launches at Cape Canaveral in 1959", article in "Spaceflight", April 2000
Back to Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles, Appendix 4
Last Updated: 1 November 2005